Pilotage is navigation by visual reference to landmarks.

• A. Pilotage
• B. Pilotage by radio aids
• C. Pilotage by instruments
• D. Pilotage by radar

Answer: (A)

Pilotage relies on using ground features you can see to determine your position and guide your course. By recognizing landmarks such as towns, rivers, roads, and coastlines and matching them to your chart, you can fix where you are and plot a path between features. This method works best in good visibility when the terrain is recognizable from the air, and you typically combine it with timing and distance estimates to cross-check your position.

The other forms of navigation involve signals or instruments rather than visual landmarks: radio aids use beacons or signals from ground-based navaids; instrument navigation relies on cockpit instruments for IFR flight; radar navigation uses radar information to determine position. None of these depend primarily on visual landmarks.